A concern may be reported by an author, reader, reviewer, editor, institution, or other relevant party.

The editor reviews the reported issue to determine its seriousness, scope, and whether additional information is required.

The corresponding author and, where appropriate, other authors or relevant parties may be asked to provide clarification or supporting documentation.

Based on the available evidence, the editorial team determines whether the matter requires no action, a correction, withdrawal, Expression of Concern, retraction, or another appropriate editorial response.

Where action is required, the journal publishes a clear notice describing the nature of the change or editorial action.

The notice should be linked to the original article, and the article page should be updated where technically possible. The publication history should remain traceable rather than being silently replaced or deleted.

Minor Changes

Purely cosmetic changes that do not affect interpretation may be handled administratively, but substantive corrections should be documented through an appropriate correction notice.

Major Problems

Problems that materially affect the reliability, ethics, legality, or integrity of a published article should be assessed under the journal's Retraction, Expression of Concern, or other applicable post-publication policies.