Pertanggungjawaban Negara dalam Hukum Internasional atas Dampak Overfishing Sebagai Aktivitas Komersial
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https://doi.org/10.32503/diversi.v11i2.9208
Abstrak
Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang Overfishing sebagai aktivitas komersial yang menimbulkan persoalan hukum internasional terkait pertanggungjawaban negara atas kegagalannya memenuhi kewajiban konservasi sumber daya hayati laut sebagaimana diatur dalam United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis bentuk pertanggungjawaban negara terhadap praktik overfishing berdasarkan UNCLOS 1982 dan Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) 2001 serta mengidentifikasi kendala penerapannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa negara yang mengizinkan atau lalai mengawasi industri perikanan nasional hingga mengakibatkan overfishing telah melakukan pelanggaran kewajiban internasional sehingga dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban berdasarkan ARSIWA melalui penghentian pelanggaran, jaminan tidak mengulangi perbuatan, serta pemberian reparasi berupa kompensasi atau kepuasan. Penerapan tanggung jawab tersebut masih menghadapi kendala berupa kelemahan substansi hukum, struktur hukum, dan budaya hukum. Di antara ketiganya, substansi hukum dan budaya hukum menjadi hambatan yang paling dominan karena masih terdapat kesenjangan pengaturan dan rendahnya komitmen negara dalam mengutamakan pengelolaan perikanan yang berkelanjutan.
Referensi
1. Buku
Burchill, Scott, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reussmit, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jacqui True, and Jack Donnelly. Theories of International Relations, Third Edition. 3rd ed. Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Crawford, James. The International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Freidman, Lawrence Meir. The Legal System: A Social Science Perspective. Russell Sage Foundation, 1975.
Hingorani, R. C. Modern International Law. Oceana, 1984.
Martin, Elizabeth A. A Dictionary Law. Oxford University Press, 2009.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Prenada, 2007.
2. Artikel Jurnal Ilmiah
Andini, Kintan Fitria Nur, Andrea Khairina, Hilda Zahara Firdausi, and Lucky Azhar Adikusuma. “Industri Perikanan Jepang Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Tata Kelola Global.” Jurnal Transborders Vol. 6 No. (2022).
Ariani, Dwi Arum. “Tanggung Jawab Negara Terhadap Tindakan Perburuan Ikan Paus Secara Ilegal Berdasarkan Perspektif International Convention For Regulation Of Whaling (ICWR).” Univesitas Brawijaya, 2013.
Habibie, Dieva Ahmad, Siti Soraya Sadjeli, Indana Zulfah Sabilla, and Beatrice Tesalonika. “Penanggulangan Overfishing Terhadap Ekosistem Laut Guna Terwujudnya Suistanable Development Goals 14.” Perahu (Peneranga Hukum) Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol. 12, N (2024).
International, Public, and Macquarie Universit. “Law of the Sea , Climate Change and State Responsibility” 28, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1163/18757413-bja10024.
Latuconsina, Husain. “Dissemination of the Impact of Overfishing and Mitigation Efforts Through the Development of Marine Protected Areas (” 16, no. 2 (2023).
Lubis, Marzuki. “Peranan Budaya Hukum Dalam Perspektif Pembangunan Hukum Nasional.” Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum 1 (2014).
Novitasari, Silvia. “Sustainable Fisheries and Marine Environment: Upaya Indonesia Dalam Konservasi & Pengelolaan Transboundary Fishery Resources Melalui Kerangka Kerjasama the 1995 United Nations Fish Stock Agreement (UNFSA).” Universitas Diponegoro, 2024
Part, I, Territorial Sea, and A Subsection. “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),” n.d., 7–208.
Serdy, Andrew. “Accounting For Catch In Internationally Managed Fisheries : What Role For State Responsibility ?” Ocean & Coastal L.J., no. December 1982 (2010).
Sumaila, U Rashid, and Travis C Tai. “End Overfishing and Increase the Resilience of the Ocean to Climate Change” 7, no. July (2020): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00523.
Takahashi, Junichi, Arne Kalland, Brian Moeran, and Theodore C Bestor. “Japanese Whaling Culture : Continuities and Diversities,” n.d.
Wang, Zhi, and David Dudgeon. “Recovery of Tropical Marine Benthos after a Trawl Ban Demonstrates Linkage between Abiotic and Biotic Changes.” Communications Biology, 2021, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01732-y.
Zunit, Jemie Devano, Universitas Andalas, Zimtya Zora, Universitas Andalas, Jemie Devano, and Zimtya Zora. “Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan Analisis Hukum Interrnasional Terhadap Allowable Catch Dalam Upaya Pencegahan Praktik Overfishing Dan Penerapannya Di Indonesia” 53, no. 2 (2023): https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol53.no2.1570.
3. Peraturan Perundang-undangan
Commission, International Whaling. “Status of Whales,” n.d.
Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongfull Acts (ARSIWA) (2001).
International, Public, and Macquarie Universit. “Law of the Sea , Climate Change and State Responsibility” 28, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1163/18757413-bja10024.
Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 45 Tahun 2011 Tentang Estimasi Potensi Sumber Daya Ikan Di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia. (n.d.).
Of, The State. World Fisheries And Aquaculture. Rome, Itay: FAO Of United nations, 2018.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982
4. Media Online
Fajar, Taufik. “Overfishing, KKP Tangkap 2 Kapal Ikan Di Kepulauan Seribu".” IDX Channel.Com, 2021. https://www.idxchannel.com/economics/overfishing-kkp-tangkap-2-kapal-ikan-di-kepulauan-seribu.
N Department for General Assembly and Conference Management. “UN Fish Stocks Agreement Sustainable Fisheries Process.” un.org, 2025. https://www.un.org/en/delegate/un-fish-stocks-agreement-sustainable-fisheries-process.
Of, The State. World Fisheries And Aquaculture. Rome, Itay: FAO Of United nations, 2018.
SeafoodSource staff. “Pew: Japan, China, US, Others Overfishing Pacific Tuna.” seafoodsource.com/news/environment-sustainability, 2013. https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/environment-sustainability/pew-japan-china-us-more-overfishing-pacific-tuna.
Tabrizi, Ali. Seaspiracy. United Kingdom, 2021.
unclosdebate. “By Giving Control over Fishing Stocks to Coastal States with Adequate Resources to Manage Them, UNCLOS Has Arguably Exacerbated Overfishing Problem.” unclosdebate.org, 2009. https://www.unclosdebate.org/evidence/917/giving-control-over-fishing-stocks-coastal-states-adequate-resources-manage-them-unclos.
Burchill, Scott, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reussmit, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jacqui True, and Jack Donnelly. Theories of International Relations, Third Edition. 3rd ed. Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Crawford, James. The International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Freidman, Lawrence Meir. The Legal System: A Social Science Perspective. Russell Sage Foundation, 1975.
Hingorani, R. C. Modern International Law. Oceana, 1984.
Martin, Elizabeth A. A Dictionary Law. Oxford University Press, 2009.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Prenada, 2007.
2. Artikel Jurnal Ilmiah
Andini, Kintan Fitria Nur, Andrea Khairina, Hilda Zahara Firdausi, and Lucky Azhar Adikusuma. “Industri Perikanan Jepang Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Tata Kelola Global.” Jurnal Transborders Vol. 6 No. (2022).
Ariani, Dwi Arum. “Tanggung Jawab Negara Terhadap Tindakan Perburuan Ikan Paus Secara Ilegal Berdasarkan Perspektif International Convention For Regulation Of Whaling (ICWR).” Univesitas Brawijaya, 2013.
Habibie, Dieva Ahmad, Siti Soraya Sadjeli, Indana Zulfah Sabilla, and Beatrice Tesalonika. “Penanggulangan Overfishing Terhadap Ekosistem Laut Guna Terwujudnya Suistanable Development Goals 14.” Perahu (Peneranga Hukum) Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol. 12, N (2024).
International, Public, and Macquarie Universit. “Law of the Sea , Climate Change and State Responsibility” 28, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1163/18757413-bja10024.
Latuconsina, Husain. “Dissemination of the Impact of Overfishing and Mitigation Efforts Through the Development of Marine Protected Areas (” 16, no. 2 (2023).
Lubis, Marzuki. “Peranan Budaya Hukum Dalam Perspektif Pembangunan Hukum Nasional.” Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum 1 (2014).
Novitasari, Silvia. “Sustainable Fisheries and Marine Environment: Upaya Indonesia Dalam Konservasi & Pengelolaan Transboundary Fishery Resources Melalui Kerangka Kerjasama the 1995 United Nations Fish Stock Agreement (UNFSA).” Universitas Diponegoro, 2024
Part, I, Territorial Sea, and A Subsection. “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),” n.d., 7–208.
Serdy, Andrew. “Accounting For Catch In Internationally Managed Fisheries : What Role For State Responsibility ?” Ocean & Coastal L.J., no. December 1982 (2010).
Sumaila, U Rashid, and Travis C Tai. “End Overfishing and Increase the Resilience of the Ocean to Climate Change” 7, no. July (2020): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00523.
Takahashi, Junichi, Arne Kalland, Brian Moeran, and Theodore C Bestor. “Japanese Whaling Culture : Continuities and Diversities,” n.d.
Wang, Zhi, and David Dudgeon. “Recovery of Tropical Marine Benthos after a Trawl Ban Demonstrates Linkage between Abiotic and Biotic Changes.” Communications Biology, 2021, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01732-y.
Zunit, Jemie Devano, Universitas Andalas, Zimtya Zora, Universitas Andalas, Jemie Devano, and Zimtya Zora. “Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan Analisis Hukum Interrnasional Terhadap Allowable Catch Dalam Upaya Pencegahan Praktik Overfishing Dan Penerapannya Di Indonesia” 53, no. 2 (2023): https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol53.no2.1570.
3. Peraturan Perundang-undangan
Commission, International Whaling. “Status of Whales,” n.d.
Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongfull Acts (ARSIWA) (2001).
International, Public, and Macquarie Universit. “Law of the Sea , Climate Change and State Responsibility” 28, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1163/18757413-bja10024.
Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 45 Tahun 2011 Tentang Estimasi Potensi Sumber Daya Ikan Di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia. (n.d.).
Of, The State. World Fisheries And Aquaculture. Rome, Itay: FAO Of United nations, 2018.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982
4. Media Online
Fajar, Taufik. “Overfishing, KKP Tangkap 2 Kapal Ikan Di Kepulauan Seribu".” IDX Channel.Com, 2021. https://www.idxchannel.com/economics/overfishing-kkp-tangkap-2-kapal-ikan-di-kepulauan-seribu.
N Department for General Assembly and Conference Management. “UN Fish Stocks Agreement Sustainable Fisheries Process.” un.org, 2025. https://www.un.org/en/delegate/un-fish-stocks-agreement-sustainable-fisheries-process.
Of, The State. World Fisheries And Aquaculture. Rome, Itay: FAO Of United nations, 2018.
SeafoodSource staff. “Pew: Japan, China, US, Others Overfishing Pacific Tuna.” seafoodsource.com/news/environment-sustainability, 2013. https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/environment-sustainability/pew-japan-china-us-more-overfishing-pacific-tuna.
Tabrizi, Ali. Seaspiracy. United Kingdom, 2021.
unclosdebate. “By Giving Control over Fishing Stocks to Coastal States with Adequate Resources to Manage Them, UNCLOS Has Arguably Exacerbated Overfishing Problem.” unclosdebate.org, 2009. https://www.unclosdebate.org/evidence/917/giving-control-over-fishing-stocks-coastal-states-adequate-resources-manage-them-unclos.
Diterbitkan
2026-08-28
##submission.howToCite##
ISYAKA, Deraya Shasa; FAHRAZI, Mahfud; YO'EL, Siciliya Mardian.
Pertanggungjawaban Negara dalam Hukum Internasional atas Dampak Overfishing Sebagai Aktivitas Komersial.
DIVERSI : Jurnal Hukum, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 2, p. 403 - 432, aug. 2026.
ISSN 2614-5936.
Tersedia pada: <https://ejournal.uniska-kediri.ac.id/index.php/Diversi/article/view/9208>. Tanggal Akses: 10 sep. 2026
doi: https://doi.org/10.32503/diversi.v11i2.9208.
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