Toxic Workplaces and Employee Performance: The Mediating Role of Organizational Support and Well-being in Java Island
Abstract
This study examines the influence of a toxic workplace environment on employee performance, organizational support perception, and employee well-being among workers in Java Island, Indonesia. Utilizing a quantitative research approach, data were collected from 321 permanent employees. Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Square (PLS) was employed for analysis. Findings indicate that a toxic workplace environment does not directly impact employee performance, organizational support perception, or employee well-being. However, organizational support perception significantly affects employee performance, and employee well-being also significantly impacts employee performance. Moreover, a toxic workplace environment does not indirectly influence employee performance through organizational support perception or employee well-being as mediating factors. Despite the lack of direct impact, this research contributes novelty by utilizing perception of organizational support and employee well-being as mediating variables for the relationship between toxic workplace environment and employee performance. Practically, the study underscores the importance of addressing organizational support and employee well-being to enhance employee performance in organizations. Managers and organizational leaders must prioritize creating conducive work environments and providing adequate support to foster employee well-being, ultimately leading to improved organizational performance
References
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Rasool, S.F., Samma, M., Anjum, A., Munir, M., & Khan, T.M. (2019). Relationship between modern human resource management practices and organizational innovation: 85 Universitas Kristen Petra Empirical investigation from banking sector of China. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 10, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.266
Rasool, S. F., Wang, M., Tang, M., Saeed, A., & Iqbal, J. (2021). How toxic workplace environment effects the employee engagement: The mediating role of organizational support and employee well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052294
Ridwan, M., Mulyani, S. R., & Ali, H. (2020). Building behavior and performance citizenship: Perceived organizational support and competence (case study at SPMI private university in west Sumatra). International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(6).
Salin, D., Stride, C., Smith, S., & Santokhie, S. (2023). High-performance work practices and employee well-being: organizational identification as a mediator. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1175344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1175344
Schleu, J. E., & Hüffmeier, J. (2021). Simply the best? A systematic literature review on the predictive validity of employee performance for leader performance. Human Resource Management Review, 31(2), 100777.
& Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Sivapragasam, P., & Raya, R. P. (2017). HRM and Employee Engagement Link: Mediating Role of Employee Well-being. Global Business Review, 19(1), 1-15.
Su, L., & Swanson, S. R. (2019). Perceived corporate social responsibility’s impact on the well-being and supportive green behaviors of hotel employees: The mediating role of the employee-corporate relationship. Tourism Management, 72, 437–450.
TaÅŸtan, S. B., & Davoudi, S. M. M. (2015). An examination of the relationship between leader-member exchange and innovative work behavior with the moderating role of trust in a leader: A study in the Turkish context. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 181, 23-32.
Tran, T. V. (2009). Developing cross-cultural measurement. Oxford University Press: London.
Waileruny, & H., Theresia. (2014). Perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, dan organizational citizenship behavior pada PT. Bank Maluku cabang utama kota Ambon. AGORA, 2.
Wang, Z., Zaman, S., Rasool, S.F., uz Zaman, Q., & Amin, A. (2020). Exploring the Relationships Between a Toxic Workplace Environment, Workplace Stress, and Project Success with the Moderating Effect of Organizational Support: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 13, 1055-1067.
Wolf, L.A., Perhats, C., Delao, A.M., & Clark, P.R. (2015). Workplace aggression as cause and effect: Emergency nurses’ experiences of working fatigued. International Emergency Nursing, 33, 48-52.
Yan, R., Basheer, M. F., Irfan, M., & Rana, T. N. (2020). Role of psychological factors in employee well-being and employee performance: An empirical evidence from Pakistan. Revista Argentina de ClÃnica Psicológica, 29(5), 638.
Ahmed, M., Zehou, S., Raza, S .A., Qureshi, M. A., & Yousufi, S. Q. (2020). Impact of CSR and environmental triggers on employee green behavior: The mediating effect of employee well-being. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(5), 2225-2239.
Alshaabani, A., Naz, F., Magda, R., & Rudnak, I. (2021). Impact of Perceived Organizational Support on OCB in The Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hungary: Employee Engagement and Affective Commitment as Mediators. Sustainability, 13(14), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147800
Al-Somaidaee, M. M. (2023). The Effect of Workplace Stress on Employee Engagement, the Mediation Role of Leadership Style. American Journal of Economics and Business Innovation, 2(2), 74-85.
Anjum, A., & Ming, X. (2018). Combating toxic workplace environment: An empirical study in the context of Pakistan. Journal of Modelling in Management, 13(3), 675-697.
Anjum, A., Ming, X., Siddiqi, A., & Rasool, S. (2018). An Empirical Study Analyzing Job Productivity in Toxic Workplace Environments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 1035.
Audenaert, M., Decramer, A., & George, B. (2021). How to foster employee quality of life: The role of employee performance management and authentic leadership. Evaluation and Program Planning, 85, 101909.
Avey, J.B., Luthans, F., Smith, R.M., & Palmer, N.F. (2010). Impact of positive psychological capital on employee well-being over time. Journal of Occupation Health Psychology, 15(1), 17- 28.
Chen, T., Hao, S., Ding, K., Feng, X., Li, G., & Liang, X. (2020). The impact of organizational support on employee performance. Employee Relations, 42(1), 166-179.
Diamantidis, A. D., & Chatzoglou, P. (2019). Factors affecting employee performance: an empirical approach. International journal of productivity and performance management, 68(1), 171-193.
Fachri. (2023, January 18). Apakah Banyak Karyawan Resign Karena Lingkungan Kerja yang Toxic? Retrieved November 30, 2023 from https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/5183553/apakah-banyak-karyawan-resignkarena-lingkungan-kerja-yang-toxic?page=3
Fotiadis A., Abdulrahman K., Spyridou A. (2019). The mediating roles of psychological autonomy, competence, and relatedness on work-life balance and well-being. Frontier in Psychology, 10,1267.
Fry, L.W., Latham, J.R., Clinebell, S.K., & Krahnke, K. (2017). Spiritual leadership as a model for performance excellence: A study of Baldrige award recipients. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 14(1), 22-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2016.1202130
Haeruddin, M. I., Akbar, A., Dipoatmodjo, T. S., Kurniawan, A. W., & Abadi, R. R. (2022). The toxicity of our City: The Effect of Toxic Workplace Environment on Employee’s Performance. International Journal of Social Science and Business, 6(2), 183-190.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited.
Hair, J. F. et. al. (2019). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling-Based Discrete Choice Modeling: An Illustration In Modelling Retailer Choice. Business Research, 12(1), 115-142.
Inuwa, M. (2016). Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance: An Empirical Approach. Journal of The Millenium University, 1(1), 2225-2533.
Katadata Media Network. Kualitas Pekerjaan Indonesia Menurun Akibat Pandemi (2021, December 2). Retrieved 28 November, 2023 from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/12/02/kualitas-pekerjaanindonesia-menurun-akibat-pandemi
Kompas. (2023, November 20). Menakar Resiliensi Ekonomi Jatim di Tengah Resesi Global dan Tahun Politik Retrieved Desember 19, 2023 from https://www.kompas.id/baca/nusantara/2023/11/19/menakar-resiliensi-ekonomijatim-ditengah-resesi-global-dan-tahunpolitik?status=sukses_login%3Fstatus_login%3Dlogin&status_login=login
Kompas.com. (2023, July 17). 1 dari 5 Orang Merasa Tempat Kerjanya Toxic, Ada Apa? Kompas.com. https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2023/07/17/201538020/1-dari-5-orang-merasa-tempat-kerjanya-toxic-ada-apa?page=all
Kontan. (2023, May 8). Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia Kuartal 1 2023 Tertinggi Kedua Dunia, Cek Datanya. Retrieved Desember 4, 2023 from https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/pertumbuhan-ekonomi-indonesia-kuartal-1-2023- tertinggi-kedua-dunia-cek-datanya
Kurniawan, S., Bamumin, F. A., & Kusnandar, K. N. (2023). The Effect of Toxic Workplace Environment on Employee Performance Mediated by Employee Engagement and Work Stress Among F&B Employees in Jakarta. Business Economic, Communication, and Social Sciences, 5(2), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.21512/becossjournal.v5i2.9729
McKinsey & Company. (2021). Employee mental health and burnout in Asia: A time to act. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-asia/employee-mental-health-and-burnout-in-asia-a-time-to-act
Pagán-Castaño, E., Maseda-Moreno, A., & Santos-Rojo, C. (2020). Well-being in work environments. Journal of Business Research, 115, 469-474.
Pickering, C.E.Z., Nurenberg, K., & Schiamberg, L. (2017). Recognizing and Responding to the ‘Toxic’ Work Environment: Worker Safety, Patient Safety, and Abuse/Neglect in Nursing Homes. Qualitative Health Research, 27(12), 1870-1881. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732317723889
Rasool, S.F., Samma, M., Anjum, A., Munir, M., & Khan, T.M. (2019). Relationship between modern human resource management practices and organizational innovation: 85 Universitas Kristen Petra Empirical investigation from banking sector of China. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 10, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.266
Rasool, S. F., Wang, M., Tang, M., Saeed, A., & Iqbal, J. (2021). How toxic workplace environment effects the employee engagement: The mediating role of organizational support and employee well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052294
Ridwan, M., Mulyani, S. R., & Ali, H. (2020). Building behavior and performance citizenship: Perceived organizational support and competence (case study at SPMI private university in west Sumatra). International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(6).
Salin, D., Stride, C., Smith, S., & Santokhie, S. (2023). High-performance work practices and employee well-being: organizational identification as a mediator. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1175344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1175344
Schleu, J. E., & Hüffmeier, J. (2021). Simply the best? A systematic literature review on the predictive validity of employee performance for leader performance. Human Resource Management Review, 31(2), 100777.
& Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Sivapragasam, P., & Raya, R. P. (2017). HRM and Employee Engagement Link: Mediating Role of Employee Well-being. Global Business Review, 19(1), 1-15.
Su, L., & Swanson, S. R. (2019). Perceived corporate social responsibility’s impact on the well-being and supportive green behaviors of hotel employees: The mediating role of the employee-corporate relationship. Tourism Management, 72, 437–450.
TaÅŸtan, S. B., & Davoudi, S. M. M. (2015). An examination of the relationship between leader-member exchange and innovative work behavior with the moderating role of trust in a leader: A study in the Turkish context. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 181, 23-32.
Tran, T. V. (2009). Developing cross-cultural measurement. Oxford University Press: London.
Waileruny, & H., Theresia. (2014). Perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, dan organizational citizenship behavior pada PT. Bank Maluku cabang utama kota Ambon. AGORA, 2.
Wang, Z., Zaman, S., Rasool, S.F., uz Zaman, Q., & Amin, A. (2020). Exploring the Relationships Between a Toxic Workplace Environment, Workplace Stress, and Project Success with the Moderating Effect of Organizational Support: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 13, 1055-1067.
Wolf, L.A., Perhats, C., Delao, A.M., & Clark, P.R. (2015). Workplace aggression as cause and effect: Emergency nurses’ experiences of working fatigued. International Emergency Nursing, 33, 48-52.
Yan, R., Basheer, M. F., Irfan, M., & Rana, T. N. (2020). Role of psychological factors in employee well-being and employee performance: An empirical evidence from Pakistan. Revista Argentina de ClÃnica Psicológica, 29(5), 638.
Published
2024-05-31
How to Cite
TANOTO, Sherly Rosalina; EDENIA, Tita.
Toxic Workplaces and Employee Performance: The Mediating Role of Organizational Support and Well-being in Java Island.
JMK (Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan), [S.l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 143-157, may 2024.
ISSN 2656-0771.
Available at: <https://ejournal.uniska-kediri.ac.id/index.php/ManajemenKewirausahaan/article/view/5179>. Date accessed: 31 jan. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.32503/jmk.v9i2.5179.
Issue
Section
Artikel Ilmiah
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