Determinan Risiko Kredit Bank Umum di Indonesia

  • Welda Fransiska Universitas Islam Nahdlatul Ulama Jepara
  • Hadi Ismanto Universitas Islam Nahdlatul Ulama Jepara

Abstract

The banking industry plays an important role in the stability of the Indonesian financial system. This study examines the effect of capital adequacy, bank efficiency, credit growth, and liquidity on credit risk in commercial banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Using panel data regression analysis with the Fixed Effect Model approach on secondary data for the period 2019 to 2023, with samples obtained through saturated sampling techniques. The results showed that only liquidity has a significant positive effect on credit risk, which indicates that a high liquidity ratio can increase credit risk if not managed properly. Capital adequacy, bank efficiency, and loan growth did not have a significant effect, which means capital adequacy and operational efficiency may not be directly related to credit risk.

References

Abbas, F., Masood, O., Ali, S., & Rizwan, S. (2021). How Do Capital Ratios Affect Bank Risk-Taking: New Evidence From the United States. SAGE Open, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020979678
Abid, A., Gull, A. A., Hussain, N., & Nguyen, D. K. (2021). Risk governance and bank risk-taking behavior: Evidence from Asian banks. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 75(May), 101466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2021.101466
Akbar, A., Karyadi, & Kartawinata, B. R. (2021). Jurnal E-Bis ( Ekonomi-Bisnis ) Analisis Non Performing Loan ( NPL ) Pada Bank Pembangunan Daerah. 5(1), 67–82.
Arullia, M. R. (2017). Pengaruh Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non Performing Loan (NPL), Biaya Operasional Dan Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO) Dan Net Interest Margin (NIM) Terhadap Laba Perusahaan Perbankan Dengan Volume Penyaluran Kredit Sebagai Variabel Intervening. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Bisnis, 22(3), 288–301.
Arzevitin, S., Britchenko, I., & Kosov, A. (2019). Banking liquidity as a leading approach to risk management. 318(Icseal), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.2991/icseal-19.2019.26
Aslam, B., Batool, S., Wasim, B., & Arif, A. (2014). Credit Risk and Growth of Banking System. Econometric Modeling: Capital Markets - Risk EJournal.
Bank Indonesia. (2011). Peraturan Bank Indonesia No 13/23/PBI/2011 Penerapan Manajemen Risiko bagi Bank Umum Syariah dan Unit Usaha Syariah.
Barus, A. C., Operasional, B., Operasional, P., & Operasional, B. (2016). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang mempengaruhi Non Performing Loan pada Bank Umum di Indonesia. 6, 113–122.
Bhowmik, P. K., & Sarker, N. (2021). Loan growth and bank risk: empirical evidence from SAARC countries. Heliyon, 7(5), e07036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07036
Dear, Y. K., Stephen, S., & Yunisa, A. (2022). Effect of Non-Performing Loans (NPL), Operational Efficiency Ratio (BOPO) on Return on Assets at Conventional Banks. Jurnal Ad’ministrare, 9(2), 803. https://doi.org/10.26858/ja.v9i2.43271
Ekananda, M. (2023). Banking Credit Risk and Efficiency: Some Countries in ASEAN. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 12(3), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v12i3.62124
Eze, E. D., & Otombaye, A. (2023). Capital, risk and efficiency tradeoffs in Cameroonian banking. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 15(2), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.5897/jeif2022.1164
Firdianto, H., & Sudiyatno, B. (2024). the Impact of Financial Performance on Company Value in Banking Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for. COSTING:Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting, 7(5).
Fuady, M. (2015). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Profitabilitas Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia. EBBANK, 6(1), 33–62.
Gamba, A., & Saretto, A. (2020). Growth Options and Credit Risk. Management Science, 66(9), 4269–4291. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3387
Goyal, S., Singhal, N., Mishra, N., & Verma, S. K. (2023). The impact of macroeconomic and institutional environment on NPL of developing and developed countries. Future Business Journal, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00216-1
Hamzah, A. (2018). Journal of Islamic Finance and Accounting. Journal of Islamic Finance and Accounting, 1(2).
Hasibuan, H. (2017). Dasar-dasar Perbankan. In H. Hasibuan (1st ed.).
Hayati, A., & Afriyeni, A. (2020). Analisis Loan to Deposit Ratio dan Non Performing Loan pada PT Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Jorong Kampung Tangah Pariaman. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/g3rfb
Indyarwati, E. V. (2017). Pengaruh Rasio CAMEL Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Perbankan Syariah. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Riset Akuntansi, 6(8), 2–15.
Ismanto, H., Widiastuti, A., Muharam, H., Pangestuti, I. R. D., & Rofiq, F. (2019). Perbankan dan literasi keuangan. Deepublish.
Isnurhadi, I., Adam, M., Sulastri, S., Andriana, I., & Muizzuddin, M. (2021). Bank Capital, Efficiency and Risk: Evidence from Islamic Banks. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(1), 841–850. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.841
Jaelani, A. (2024). The Influence of Risk Management on Financial Performance (Study on Banking Companies Listed on The Indonesia Stock Exchange 2018-2022). International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research, 06(01), 265–275. https://doi.org/10.56293/ijmsssr.2024.4824
Kasmir. (2016). Analisis Laporan Keuangan (9th ed.). Rajawali Press.
Lazuardi, E., & Idris, I. (2018). Analisis Pengaruh BOPO, LDR, LAR, dan SIZE terhadap Non Loan Performing pada Bank Umum (Studi pada Bank Umum Konvensional di Indonesia Periode 2011-2016).
Maulana, Y., Harjadi, D., & Lismawati, L. (2023). Pengaruh kredit bermasalah dan penyaluran kredit terhadap profitabilitas bank bumn terdaftar BEI. 20(01), 55–61.
Mery, M., & Dony, C. A. (2021). The Effects of Credit Growth on Risk and Performance of Conventional Banks in Indonesia. Journal of International Conference Proceedings, 4(1), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.32535/jicp.v4i1.1135
Muttaqin, H. M., Kosim, A. M., & Devi, A. (2020). Peranan Perbankan Syariah Dalam Mendorong Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah Dimasa Pandemi Covid-19. El-Mal: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam, 3(1), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.47467/elmal.v3i1.393
Naili, M., & Lahrichi, Y. (2022). Banks’ credit risk, systematic determinants and specific factors: recent evidence from emerging markets. Heliyon, 8(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08960
Nasution, Y. (2016). Analisis Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) dan Capital Adequancy Ratio (CAR) terhadap rentabilitas pada PT Bank Tabungan Negara (Persero) Tbk. Jurnal Manajemen, 1(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.54964/manajemen.v1i1.173
Nazwir, A. F. (2021). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi CAR, LDR, ROA, dan BOPO terhadap Non Performing Loan pada Bank Umum Konvensional di Indonesia. Sintaksis: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 1(3), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.55601/jwem.v6i2.325
Nurdin, S., Akbar, K., & Noormawati, R. (2022). Analisis Faktor Penyebab Terjadinya Kredit Macet pada PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk Unit Sangasanga Periode Tahun 2015-2018. Jurnal EKSIS, 18(2), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.46964/eksis.v18i2.306
Padmadisastra, Y. N., & Nurhayati. (2023). Pengaruh Ukuran Bank dan Capital Adequacy Ratio terhadap Non-Performing Loan. Bandung Conference Series: Accountancy, 3(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsa.v3i1.5763
Parasari, H. A. (2020). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Efisiensi Bank Serta Pengukurannya (Studi Pada Bpd Go Public Dan Non Go Public 2011-2019). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB, 8(2), 1–17.
Pramesti, I. A. M. I., & Wirajaya, I. G. A. (2019a). Pengaruh Kecukupan Modal, Penyaluran Kredit dan Efisiensi Operasional pada Risiko Kredit. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 28(3), 2050. https://doi.org/10.24843/EJA.2019.v28.i03.p26
Pramesti, I. A. M. I., & Wirajaya, I. G. A. (2019b). Pengaruh Kecukupan Modal, Penyaluran Kredit dan Efisiensi Operasional pada Risiko Kredit. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 28(3), 2050. https://doi.org/10.24843/EJA.2019.v28.i03.p26
Pramono, J. (2017). Pengaruh CAR, NPL, BOPO, NIM, dan LDR terhadap ROA (Studi Kasus pada Bank Perkreditan Rakyat di Salatiga yang Terdaftar di Otoritas jasa Keuangan Tahun 2011-2015). Jurnal EKonomi Dan Bisnis.
Pribanggayu, D., Afgani, K. F., & Ricederia, A. (2021). Perbedaan NPF dan FDR Bank Muamalat antara Sebelum dan Selama Pandemi Covid-19. 4(2), 122–134.
Putri, L., T, C., & Pohan, F. S. (2022). Determinant Factors of Non-Performing Loan in Indonesia Commercial Banks Faktor-Faktor Penentu Non-Performing Loan Pada Bank Komersial Di Indonesia. 01(01), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.31326/BIMTEK.V1I1.1253
Putri, N. D., Yuniningsih, Y., & Wikartika, I. (2020). Analisis Nilai Kecukupan Modal Pada Bank Konvensional yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Target : Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis, 2(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.30812/target.v2i1.690
Rahmizal, M., Yusra, I., & Sari, L. (2022). Pengaruh likuiditas pendanaan terhadap pengambilan risiko pada Bank Perkreditan Rakyat syariah di Indonesia. Jurnal Kajian Manajemen Bisnis , 11(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.24036/jkmb.11941800
Rini, V. D., & Suardi, L. (2023). The Effect of Credit Risk at Regional Development Banks in Indonesia under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Jurnal Ekonomi, 12(03), 2023.
Rohadi, S. C., Sarumpaet, S., & Syaipudin, U. (2024). Determinan Non-Performing Loan (NPL) Perbankan Kawasan ASEAN. Owner, 8(2), 1917–1929. https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v8i2.2331
Shi-yo, A. (2012). A Research on the bank credit market signaling theory. International Business.
Siagian, S. (2020). Faktor-Faktor Mempengaruhi N(Npl) Don Perforning Loan I Industri Perbankan Indonesia. Jurnal Ecodemica: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Dan Bisnis, 4(2), 364–373. https://doi.org/10.31294/jeco.v4i2.8702
Siddiq, A., & Al-Gamal, E. (2020). Impact of Credit Risk and Capital Adequacy on Islamic. 2004, 198–206.
Subaktiar, S., Radiah, R., & Abdullah, U. (2024). Pengaruh Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non Performing Loan (NPL), Biaya Operasional Terhadap Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO) Terhadap Likuiditas Yang Diukur Dengan Loan to Deposit Ratio Pada PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 2(1), 264–279.
Sucipto, E., & Sudiyatno, B. (2018). Profitabilitas, Kebijakan Dividen, Dan Kebijakan Hutang Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Listed Di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Dinamika Akuntansi, Keuangan Dan Perbankan Definisi, 7(2), 163–172.
Sudirman. (2015). Faktor-Faktor Penghambat Peningkatan Loan To Deposit Ratio (Ldr) Perbankan Di Propinsi Bali. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22146/JIEB.6612
Suharto, E. S., Pertiwi, N. D., & Tirtasari, Y. A. (2015). Risiko Dalam Perjanjian Kredit Perbankan Menurut Peraturan Bank Indonesia Nomor 5/8/Pbi/2003 Tentang Penerapan Manajemen Risiko Bagi Bank Umum. In Privat Law (Vol. 07, p. 37).
Sunaryo, D. (2020). The Effect Of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Net Interest Margin (NIM), Non-Performing Loan (NPL), and Loan To Deposit Ratio (LDR) Against Return On Asset (ROA) In General Banks In Southeast Asia 2012-2018. Ilomata International Journal of Management, 1(4), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.52728/ijjm.v1i4.110
Suryani, I., & Africa, L. A. (2021). Pengaruh Car, Ldr, Roa Dan Bopo Terhadap Npl Pada Bank Umum Swasta Nasional. Ecopreneur.12, 4(2), 202. https://doi.org/10.51804/econ12.v4i2.1016
Suryani, I. L., & Edward, M. Y. (2019). Pengaruh Faktor Internal terhadap Risiko Kredit (Studi Pada Bank Umum Konvensional di BEI Periode 2013-2016). Jurnal Dinamika Ekonomi & Bisnis, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.34001/jdeb.v16i1.1104
Taswan. (2010). Manajemen Perbankan: Konsep, Teknik, dan Aplikasi (Edisi II). UPP STIM YKPN Yogyakarta.
Wendha, D. N., & Alteza, M. (2020). Analisis Efisiensi Perbankan Hasil Merger di Indonesia dengan Metode Two-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 17(2), 85–97.
Wu, S. W., Nguyen, M. T., & Nguyen, P. H. (2022). Does loan growth impact on bank risk? Heliyon, 8(8), e10319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10319
Wulandari, B., Khetrin, K., & Seviyani, K. (2021). Pengaruh Loan To Deposit Ratio (LDR), Biaya Operasional, Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO), Kurs, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Ukuran Bank Dan Inflasi Terhadap Non Performing Loan (NPL) Di Perusahaan Perbankan Terdaftar Di BEI. Journal of Economic, Bussines and Accounting (COSTING), 5(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.31539/costing.v5i1.2236
Wulandari, S. F., & Ryandono, M. N. H. (2020). Determinan Efisiensi Perbankan di Indonesia (Studi Empiris pada Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia Periode 2012-2018). Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 7(12), 2436. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol7iss202012pp2436-2452
Yasmir, Y., Widyastuti, I., & Marlina, E. (2024). Pengaruh Rasio CAR, LDR, ROA, ROE, NIM, BOPO Terhadap NPL di Bank Pembangunan Daerah di Sumatera. Indo-Fintech Intellectuals: Journal of Economics and Business, 4(2), 555–569. https://doi.org/10.54373/ifijeb.v4i2.1263
Yuliani, N. W. E., Purnami, A. A. S., & Wulandari, I. G. A. A. (2020). Pengaruh Capital Adequancy Ratio, Net Interest Margin,Biaya Operasional Pendapatan Operasional Dan Loan Deposit Ratio Terhadap Non Performing Loan Di Pt. Bank Pembangunan Daerah Bali Tahun 2009 – 2017. Warmadewa Economic Development Journal (WEDJ), 3(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.22225/wedj.3.1.1590.10-20
Published
2025-06-04
How to Cite
FRANSISKA, Welda; ISMANTO, Hadi. Determinan Risiko Kredit Bank Umum di Indonesia. REVITALISASI : Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 1, p. 84-96, june 2025. ISSN 2657-1684. Available at: <https://ejournal.uniska-kediri.ac.id/index.php/Revitalisasi/article/view/7128>. Date accessed: 16 june 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.32503/revitalisasi.v14i1.7128.